5 ways to improve cognitive skills in students THE ASHGABAT TIMES

Recommendations  for  pedagogical  and  psychological  basis  of  improving  cognitive  skills  of  students

08.04.2025

Effective  pedagogy  requires  understanding  how  students  learn  and  tailoring  our  instruction  accordingly. One  key  element  of  student – centered  pedagogy  involves  understanding  the  cognitive  psychological  processes  according  to  which  students  learn, and  to  structure  our  teaching  with  these  processes  in  mind. [p.g.3]This  paper  fills  in  a  gap  in  the  current  literature, by  applying  empirically  grounded  lessons  drawn  from  the  cognitive  science  of  learning, and  discussing  specific  applications  of  these  lessons  for  information  literacy  instruction. The  paper  outlines  a  framework  for  information  literacy  instruction, grounded  in  the  educational  and  cognitive  psychology  literature, for  facilitating  student  retention  and  transfer  of  information  literacy  skills, two  classic  measures  of  student  learning.[p.g.19] Five  specific  principles  and  several  strategies  for  promoting  retention  and  transfer  within  information  literacy  instruction  are  outlined.

Key  words:

  • Psychology  literature
  • Student  centered  pedagogy
  • Paper  outlines
  • Perspective 
  • Scaffold
  • Ownership
  • Metacognitive
  • Microworld 

Cognitive  tools  refer  to  learning  with  technology  (as  opposed  to  learning  through  technology). Jonassen  (1994)  argues  that  ‘’technologies, from  the  ecological  perspective  of  Gibson  (1979), afford  the  most  meaningful  thinking  when  used  as  tools’’.

Cognitive  tools  are  generalizable  computer  tools  that  are  intended  to  engage  and  facilitate  cognitive  processing. [p g. 5]Cognitive  tools  can  be  thought  of  as  a  set  of  tools  that  learners  need  in  order  to  serve  cognitive  apprenticeships. They  scaffold  the  all – important  processes  of  articulation  and  reflection, which  are  the foundations  of  knowledge  construction. They  empower  the  learners  to  think  more  meaningfully  and  to  assume  ownership  of  their  knowledge, rather  than  reproducing  the  teacher’s. The  major  problem  if  we  accept  this  conception  of  technologies  is  what  to  do  with  all  of  the  instructional  designers.[p.g.7] Cognitive  tools  help  learners  with  complex  cognitive  learning  activities  and  critical  thinking. These  tools  are  learner  controlled  in  the  sense  that  they  construct  their  knowledge  themselves  using  the  tools  rather  than  memorizing  knowledge. In  this  perspective, computer  systems  are  ‘’partners’’  that  stimulate  learners  or  groups  of  learners  to  make  maximum  use  of  their  cognitive  potential.

According  to  Shim  and  Lee  (2006), Lajoie  (1993)  summarized  that  the  cognitive  tools  can  benefit  learners  by  serving the  functions  as  follows:

  1. Support  cognitive  processes, such  as, memory  and  metacognitive  processes.
  2. Share  the  cognitive  load  by  providing  support  for  lower  level  cognitive  skills  so  that  resources  are  left  over  for  higher  order  thinking  skills.
  3. Allow  the  learners  to  engage  in  cognitive  activities  that  would  be  out  of  their  reach  otherwise.
  4. Allow  learners  to  generate  and  test  hypotheses  in  the  context  of  problem  solving.

The  foundation  for  the  use  of  interactive  learning  systems  as  ‘’cognitive  tools’’  is  ‘’cognitive  psychology’’. Computer – based  cognitive  tools  have  been  intentionally  adapted  or  developed  to  function  as  intellectual  partners  to  enable  and  facilitate  critical  thinking  and  higher  order  learning. [p.g.11].Examples  of  cognitive  tools  include: databases, spreadsheets, semantic  networks, expert  systems, communication  software  such  as  teleconferencing  programs, online  collaborative  knowledge  construction  environments, multimedia, hypermedia  construction  software, and  computer  programming  languages. In  the  cognitive  tools  approach, interactive  tools  are  given  directly  to  learners  to  use  for  representing  and  expressing  what  they  know. Learners  themselves  function  as  designers, using  software  programs  as  tools  for  analyzing  world, accessing  and  interpreting  information, organizing  their  personal  knowledge, and  representing  what  they  know  to  others. The  basic  principles  that  guide  the  sue  of  interactive  software  programs  as  cognitive  tools  for  teaching  and  learning  are:

  1. Cognitive  tools  will  have  their  greatest  effectiveness  when  they  are  applied  within  constructivist  learning  environments.
  2. Cognitive  tools  empower  learners  to  design  their  own  representations  of  knowledge  rather  than  absorbing  representations  preconceived  by  others.
  3. Cognitive  tools  can  be  used  to  support  the  deep  reflective  thinking  that  is  necessary  for  meaningful  learning .
  4. Cognitive  tools  have two  kinds  of  important  cognitive  effects, those  which  are  with  the  technology  in  terms  of  intellectual  partnerships  and  those  that  are  of  the  technology  in  terms  of  the  cognitive  residue  that  remains  after  the  tools  are  used.
  5. Cognitive  tools  enable  mindful, challenging  learning  rather  than  the  effortless  learning  promised  but  rarely  realized  by  other  instructional  innovations.
  6. The  source  of  the  tasks  or  problems  to  which  cognitive  tools  are  applied  should  be  learners, guided  by  teachers  and  other  resources  in  the  learning  environment.
  7. Ideally, tasks  or  problems  for  the  application  of  cognitive  tools  will  be  situated  in  realistic  contexts  with  results  that  are  personally  meaningful  for  learners.
  8. Using  multimedia  construction  programs  as  cognitive  tools  engages  many  skills  in  learners  such  as: project, management  skills, research  skills, organization  and  representation  skills, presentation  skills, and  reflection  skills.
  9. Research  concerning  the  effectiveness  of  constructivist  learning  environments  such  as  microworlds, classroom – based  learning  environments, and  virtual, collaborative  environments  show  positive  results  across  a  wide  range  of  indicators.

In  summary, thirty  years  of  educational  research  indicates  that  various  interactive  technologies  are  effective  in  education  as  phenomenon  to  learn  both  ‘’from’’  and  ‘’with’’. Historically, the  learning  ‘’from’’  or  tutorial  approaches  have  received  the  most  attention  and  funding, but  the  ‘’with’’  or  cognitive  tool  approaches  are  the  focus  of  more  interest  and  investment  than  ever  before. Preliminary  findings  suggest  that  in  the  long  run, constructivist  approaches  to  applying  media  and  technology  may  have  more  potential  to  enhance  teaching  and  learning  than  instructivist  models. In  other  words, the  real  power  of  interactive  learning  to  improve  achievement  and  performance  may  only  be  realized  when  people  actively  use  computers  as  cognitive  tools  rather  than  simply  interact  with  them  as  tutors  or  data  repositories.     

Aylar Tangrykulyyeva
Instructor of Oguz han Engineering and Technology
University of Turkmenistan

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